Nikon is extending its Dxxxx series with a new DSLR camera, the Nikon D7000. This is part of a nice series of cameras, the D3100, D5000 and now also the Nikon D7000. A Nikon D9000 might just be the next model… The new Nikon D7000 is a whole new DSLR camera generation and falls between the Nikon D5000 and the D90, at least in terms of pricing. The D90 is still part of the picture, at least until it gets a successor (the D9000?). This Nikon DSLR is a camera aimed at the serious amateur photographer and offers a full package of camera-settings for creative photography as well as videography, as the Nikon D7000 supports Full HD 1080p video.

16,2 megapixel Nikon D7000 DSLR camera
With the Nikon D7000 and the recently introduced D3100, Nikon is setting a new trend within the Nikon camera family, which is a clear increase in the amount of effective pixels. Right now, a situation has emerged in which the amateur series of Nikon DSLR cameras have a resolution of 10 - 16 Megapixels and the semi-professional and professional DSLR cameras almost all have 12, and the D3x have 24 Megapixels. The expectation is that a shift will also take place in the Pro cameras. If that will be before the end of the year is still up in the air.

Nikon D7000 equipped with fast Expeed 2 processor
The 16 Megapixels resolution is processed by the new and fast EXPEED 2 processor. This powerful processor forms the core of the camera and processes complex calculations. Such a source of power is not for nothing, as it not only delivers high-resolution photos, but the Nikon D7000 also supports Full HD video (1080p). There is yet more specialization, from the videographer and camera crew sector, and we see all kinds of creative productions appear from that sector. Although at first there was a lot of criticism for video and DSLR, this criticism is now being phased out to make room for often impressive HD video clips.

The Nikon D7000 is expected to challenge the amateur to shoot video in Full HD. Continual focusing, although this is not as speedy as it is during photography, makes shooting video a lot simpler. The video clips are recorded in MPEG4 H.264 compression and can be enhanced by connecting an external stereo. If you want to do more serious filming with the Nikon D7000, you will have to consider using an external microphone.

History Robotics

Robotics is the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, structural disposition, manufacture and application of robots.[3] Robotics is related to the sciences of electronics, engineering, mechanics, and software.[4] The word "robot" was introduced to the public by Czech writer Karel Čapek in his play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots), published in 1920. The term "robotics" was coined by Isaac Asimov in his 1941 science fiction short-story "Liar!"

Stories of artificial helpers and companions and attempts to create them have a long history.


A scene from Karel Čapek's 1920 play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots), showing three robots
The word robot was introduced to the public by the Czech writer Karel Čapek in his play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots), published in 1920. The play begins in a factory that makes artificial people called robots creatures who can be mistaken for humans - though they are closer to the modern ideas of androids. Karel Čapek himself did not coin the word. He wrote a short letter in reference to an etymology in the Oxford English Dictionary in which he named his brother Josef Čapek as its actual originated.
In 1927 the Maschinenmensch ("machine-human") gynoid humanoid robot (also called "Parody", "Futura", "Robotrix", or the "Maria impersonator") was the first and perhaps the most memorable depiction of a robot ever to appear on film was played by German actress Brigitte Helm) in Fritz Lang's film Metropolis.
In 1942 the science fiction writer Isaac Asimov formulated his Three Laws of Robotics and, in the process of doing so, coined the word "robotics".
In 1948 Norbert Wiener formulated the principles of cybernetics, the basis of practical robotics.
Fully autonomous robots only appeared in the second half of the 20th century. The first digitally operated and programmable robot, the Unimate, was installed in 1961 to lift hot pieces of metal from a die casting machine and stack them. Commercial and industrial robots are widespread today and used to perform jobs more cheaply, or more accurately and reliably, than humans. They are also employed in jobs which are too dirty, dangerous, or dull to be suitable for humans. Robots are widely used in manufacturing, assembly, packing and packaging, transport, earth and space exploration, surgery, weaponry, laboratory research, safety, and the mass production of consumer and industrial goods.

A decision support system (DSS) is a computer-based information system that supports business or organizational decision-making activities. DSSs serve the management, operations, and planning levels of an organization and help to make decisions, which may be rapidly changing and not easily specified in advance.
DSSs include knowledge-based systems. A properly designed DSS is an interactive software-based system intended to help decision makers compile useful information from a combination of raw data, documents, personal knowledge, or business models to identify and solve problems and make decisions.
Typical information that a decision support application might gather and present are:
inventories of information assets (including legacy and relational data sources, cubes, data warehouses, and data marts),
comparative sales figures between one period and the next,
projected revenue figures based on product sales assumption

central processing unit

central processing unit is a microscopic circuitry that serves as the main information processor in a computer. Or, in other word, it is the brains of the computer. Sometimes CPU is referred to simply as the processor or central processor. The CPU is where most calculation take place. In terms of computing power, the CPU is the most important element of a computer system. Standard CPU contain processing unit that interpret and implement software instructions,perform calculation and comparisons, make another of the CPU processing unit,keep track of the current step in the execution of the program and allow the CPU to communicate with the rest of the computer.

topology

Bus Topology

Advantages of Bus Topology
It is easy to handle and implement. 
It is best suited for small networks.

Disadvantages of Bus Topology
The cable length is limited. This limits the number of stations that can be connected.
This network topology can perform well only for a limited number of nodes.

Ring Topology

Advantage of Ring Topology
The data being transmitted between two nodes passes through all the intermediate nodes. A central server is not required for the management of this topology.

Disadvantages of Ring Topology
The failure of a single node of the network can cause the entire network to fail.
The movement or changes made to network nodes affects the performance of the entire network.

Mesh Topology

Advantage of Mesh Topology
The arrangement of the network nodes is such that it is possible to transmit data from one node to many other nodes at the same time.

Disadvantage of Mesh Topology
The arrangement wherein every network node is connected to every other node of the network, many of the connections serve no major purpose. This leads to the redundancy of many of the network connections.

Star Topology

Advantages of Star Topology
Due to its centralized nature, the topology offers simplicity of operation. 
It also achieves an isolation of each device in the network.

Disadvantage of Star Topology
The network operation depends on the functioning of the central hub. Hence, the failure of the central hub leads to the failure of the entire network.

Star Topology

Star Topology is the most common type of network topology that is used in homes and offices. In the Star Topology there is a central connection point called the hub which is a computer hub or sometimes just a switch. In a Star Network the best advantage is when there is a failure in cable then only one computer might get affected and not the entire network.

The Star Network Topology typically needs more cable to be networked than the usual Bus topology. A common cable that is used in Star Network is the UTP or the unshielded twisted pair cable. Another common cable that is used in star networks is the RJ45 or the Ethernet cables.

In a Star Network the entire network is dependant on the hub so if the entire network is not working then there could be a problem with the hub. This feature makes it easy to troubleshoot by offering a single point for error connection ad at the same time the dependency is also very high on that single point.

Star Topology Advantages

• A Star Network Topology is very easy to manage because of its simplicity in functionality.
• The problems can be easily located logically in a Star Topology and therefore is easy to troubleshoot also.
• The Star Topology is very simple in format so it is very easy to expand on the Star Topology.

Star Topology Disadvantages

• The Star Topology is fully dependant on the hub and the entire working of the network depends on the hub or the switch.
• If there are many nodes and the cable is long then the network may slow down.

Since all the computers on the network have independent control of their networks and only dependant on the central hub computer, the failures in transmission and other possible problems in this area are less likely. Also if the hub is safe then every computer in the network is safe. This type of network also offers more privacy than any other network.

All the computers in the network are communicating with one main centrally located computer and there is no peer to peer coordination. If the peer to peer coordination takes place it is routed through the central hub. This way the privacy of each and every computer on the network is maintained.

If one computer fails in the network it does not affect any other computer in the network and the tasks of this computer can be easily switched very to the next computer easily using the hub controls. In a Star Network Topology it is possible to have all the important data back ups on the hub in a private folder and this way if the computer fails you can still use your data using the next computer in the network and accessing the backup files on the hub.

New devices or nodes can easily be added to the Star Network by just extending a cable from the hub. Since the hub controls everything the addition or removal of devices are done using g the hub. If the hub adds a device for example a printer or a fax machine, all the other computers on the network can access the new device by simply accessing the hub. The device need not be installed on all the computers in the network. The central function is cost effective and easier to maintain.

Star Topology Conclusion

A Star Network Topology is best suited for smaller networks and works efficiently when there is limited number of nodes. One has to ensure that the hub or the central node is always working and extra security features should be added to the hub because it s the heart of the network.